CJ Henley, DMD, PA / San Marco, Jacksonville, Florida
Dry mouth (xerostomia) treatment in Jacksonville, FL.
Find the cause, protect your teeth, and get real relief.
Dry mouth, also called xerostomia, is more than an uncomfortable feeling. Saliva protects your teeth, gums, and the lining of your mouth, helps you taste, chew, swallow, and speak, and keeps infection in check. When saliva drops or changes, eating gets harder and cavities can show up fast. At our San Marco office in Jacksonville, Dr. CJ Henley treats dry mouth as a diagnostic question, not a symptom to mask: we find out why your mouth is dry, then build a plan for comfort and for your teeth.
- 22%of people report dry mouth, in a pooled review of population studies1
- 30%of people over 65 have dry mouth, and up to 40% over 80, mostly from medications2
- 106medications with strong or moderate evidence of affecting the salivary glands4
- 0.5–1.5 Lof saliva a healthy mouth makes each day2
What is dry mouth?
What dry mouth (xerostomia) is, and why saliva matters.
Dry mouth happens when the salivary glands don’t make enough saliva, or when the saliva they make has changed. Xerostomia is the medical name for the feeling of dryness. It is common, it is not a normal part of aging, and it raises your risk of tooth decay and mouth infections.
Saliva is mostly water, but it also carries enzymes, minerals such as calcium and phosphate, and antimicrobial proteins that protect your teeth and the soft tissue of your mouth.2,3 It rinses away food, neutralizes acid, coats and lubricates the tongue and cheeks, and helps you taste, chew, swallow, and talk. A healthy mouth makes roughly half a liter to a liter and a half of saliva a day.2
Two terms get mixed up. Xerostomia is the sensation of a dry mouth. Hyposalivation, or salivary gland hypofunction, is a measurable drop in saliva flow. You can have one without the other: some people feel dry with normal flow, and some have low flow without noticing.2 That difference changes the treatment, which is why we start with a diagnosis.
Dry mouth can happen to anyone now and then, for example when you’re nervous. When it lasts, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research says to see your dentist or doctor to find out why.3 Dry mouth is part of our broader oral medicine and diagnostic dentistry work in Jacksonville.
Dry mouth symptoms
Signs and symptoms of dry mouth.
The most common symptoms of dry mouth are a sticky or dry feeling, thick or stringy saliva, and trouble chewing, swallowing, or speaking. Many people also notice taste changes, a burning tongue, bad breath, cracked lips, or new cavities. Symptoms may be constant or come and go through the day, depending on the cause.
A white coating that wipes off, red cracks at the corners of the mouth, or a sore, raw tongue in someone with dry mouth can mean a yeast infection. See oral thrush, angular cheilitis, and white tongue and persistent mouth changes. If you’ve also noticed a sore, patch, or bump, the Mouth Spot Checker can help you sort out what it may be.
Causes of dry mouth
What causes dry mouth?
Medications are the most common cause of dry mouth. Others include Sjögren’s disease, diabetes, radiation and chemotherapy for cancer, mouth breathing and sleep apnea, dehydration, and nerve injury. In many people more than one cause is at work at the same time, which is why a careful history matters.
Other medical conditions
The American Dental Association also lists HIV, hepatitis C, stroke, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, hormonal changes such as pregnancy and menopause, graft-versus-host disease, and nerve damage from a head or neck injury.2 Dry mouth during pregnancy is usually temporary; see dental care during pregnancy.
Salivary gland problems
A blocked or infected gland can cause swelling and a bad taste along with dryness. A tender lump under the jaw that swells at meals may be a salivary stone. Radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer can also affect the glands.2
Dry mouth or burning mouth?
Dry mouth can overlap with burning mouth syndrome, where nerve-related pain and altered sensation are present even when saliva looks normal. The two feel alike but are treated differently.
Other look-alikes
Because dry mouth symptoms overlap with other oral conditions, including oral lichen planus, neuropathic pain, and acid reflux, a careful evaluation is important. Reflux can leave a sour taste and a raw mouth; see acid reflux and your mouth.
Medications that cause dry mouth
Which medications cause dry mouth?
Hundreds of prescription and over-the-counter medicines can reduce saliva. The most common groups are antidepressants, blood pressure medicines and diuretics, antihistamines and decongestants, bladder-control medicines, pain medicines, and muscle relaxants. The risk goes up with each medication you add.
A World Workshop on Oral Medicine review found 106 medications with strong or moderate evidence of affecting the salivary glands, and 46 more with weaker evidence.4 People taking several medicines a day are more likely to have dry mouth than people taking none.2 Our care for medication-related changes starts with an up-to-date list.
| Medication group | Used for | Examples of types |
|---|---|---|
| Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medicines | Depression, anxiety, nerve pain, sleep | Tricyclics, SSRIs and SNRIs (tricyclics tend to dry the mouth more) |
| Blood pressure medicines and diuretics | High blood pressure, heart failure, swelling | Water pills, beta blockers, other antihypertensives |
| Antihistamines and decongestants | Allergies, colds, sleep aids | Many over-the-counter allergy and sleep products |
| Bladder-control (anticholinergic) medicines | Overactive bladder | Tolterodine, oxybutynin and similar drugs |
| Pain medicines and muscle relaxants | Chronic pain, back pain, spasm | Opioids, muscle relaxants |
| GLP-1 medicines | Diabetes, weight loss | Semaglutide, tirzepatide and related drugs; see GLP-1 medications and your teeth |
| Other | Various | Some seizure, Parkinson’s, psychiatric, and inhaled medicines; medical cannabis |
Don’t stop or change a prescribed medicine on your own. Your physician may be able to switch to a drug that dries the mouth less, split the dose, or move it to the morning so nights are easier.2 With your permission, we can write to your prescriber. Taking a bone-strengthening drug too? Read osteoporosis medications and your dental health so we can plan any dental work safely.
Dry mouth and tooth decay
Can dry mouth cause cavities? Yes, and fast.
Yes. Without enough saliva to rinse away sugar, neutralize acid, and put minerals back into enamel, teeth decay faster, often at the gumline and on exposed roots. Prescription-strength fluoride, fluoride varnish, and more frequent cleanings are the backbone of protecting teeth in a dry mouth.
Dry mouth decay often shows up in places that rarely get cavities: along the gumline, on the root surfaces of older teeth, and on the biting tips.2 It can also undermine old fillings and crowns. Our post on cavities explains how decay feels as it progresses.
For people with dry mouth, the ADA and NIDCR advise:2
- Brushing gently at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste, and cleaning between teeth every day
- A prescription-strength fluoride gel or toothpaste every day when decay risk is high
- Fluoride varnish at dental visits
- Dental visits at least twice a year, with regular bitewing X-rays
- Prompt treatment of yeast or bacterial infections
In our office, that usually means a prescription 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste for home, fluoride varnish at your visits (for adults as well as children), and dental cleanings every three to four months instead of twice a year.
In Sjögren’s disease, an expert guideline gives topical fluoride its strongest recommendation for every patient with dry mouth.6 After head and neck radiation, custom trays deliver fluoride gel every day; see fluoride trays for radiation caries. Many people with dry mouth benefit from dental cleanings more often than twice a year; we set the interval with you based on your decay risk. Our toothpaste guide and the post on fluoride toothpaste and Jacksonville water cover the everyday basics.
Why diagnosis matters
Not all dry mouth is the same.
Some people have less saliva; others have normal flow but saliva that has changed. Treating every case the same leads to frustration and limited relief. A structured evaluation tells us whether symptoms are gland-related, nerve-related, inflammatory, or caused by medication.
Dry mouth is a sign, not a diagnosis. Finding the cause helps prevent complications, and it sometimes uncovers a condition, such as Sjögren’s disease or diabetes, that your physician will want to know about.
Your dry mouth evaluation
How we evaluate dry mouth at our Jacksonville office.
Dr. Henley reviews your health and every medication you take, examines the soft tissue of your mouth and your salivary glands, assesses how much saliva you make and what it looks like, and checks for yeast, inflammation, and decay. You leave knowing the likely cause and the plan.
Medical and medication history
A detailed history: every prescription, over-the-counter product, and supplement, when the dryness started, and any recent change in health, sleep, or cancer treatment.
Oral soft-tissue examination
The tongue, cheeks, gums, lips, and floor of the mouth, plus the major salivary glands, felt for swelling or tenderness. An oral cancer screening is part of every exam.
Salivary flow and consistency
An assessment of how much saliva pools in the mouth and whether it is thin, thick, or foamy.
Systemic health and infection check
A review of systemic health conditions and a screen for fungal or inflammatory changes, correlated with X-rays, imaging, or prior dental findings. Dr. Henley orders some lab tests himself and coordinates others through your physician, depending on the test.
A plan, and a letter if needed
What we can treat here, what we’ll prevent, and what your physician should look at, with a letter to your doctor when it helps.
When dry mouth contributes to tooth wear, irritation, or decay, a comprehensive dental examination guides prevention and treatment planning.
Dry mouth treatment
Dry mouth treatment and relief options.
Dry mouth treatment depends on the cause. Most plans combine a medication review, saliva substitutes or salivary stimulants for comfort, prescription-strength fluoride to protect the teeth, and treatment of any yeast infection. In some cases comfort is the main goal; in others, protecting teeth and tissue from long-term damage matters just as much.
Medication review with your physician
If a medicine is the likely cause, we coordinate with the doctor who prescribed it. A different drug, dose, or timing can make a real difference.2,3
Saliva substitutes and oral moisturizers
A saliva substitute (artificial saliva) is a gel, spray, or rinse that coats and moistens the mouth for a while. Most contain carboxymethylcellulose or glycerin, some add xylitol, calcium, phosphate, or fluoride, and some need a prescription.2 They relieve dryness; they don’t make more saliva. Look for the ADA Seal on dry mouth products.
Prescription salivary stimulants: pilocarpine and cevimeline
Two FDA-approved prescription pills, pilocarpine and cevimeline, help the glands make more saliva when some gland function remains.2 They are mostly used for Sjögren’s disease and dryness after head and neck radiation, and they usually take weeks of regular use to judge. Side effects can include sweating, nausea, flushing, and more frequent urination, and they aren’t safe for everyone.2 Dr. Henley prescribes them in our office when they fit, after reviewing your health history and medications.
Fluoride and remineralization support
Topical fluoride and remineralization support are the most important ways to protect teeth: prescription 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste at home, fluoride varnish in the office, and custom trays when risk is high.2,6
Antifungal therapy when indicated
Dry mouth makes yeast infections more likely. When thrush or angular cheilitis is present, we treat it, since a sore, burning mouth often eases once the infection clears.
Sugar-free gum, lozenges, and hydration
Sugar-free gum, xylitol mints, and sugar-free sour lozenges stimulate the saliva you still have.2,3 Dietary and hydration guidance and customized oral care recommendations round out the plan.
| Option | What it does | Best for | Prescription? |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water, sugar-free gum, lozenges | Moistens; stimulates remaining saliva | Everyone, all day | No |
| Saliva substitute (gel, spray, rinse) | Coats and moistens for a while | Little or no saliva flow; night-time dryness | Most no; some yes |
| Pilocarpine or cevimeline | Stimulates the glands to make more saliva | Sjögren’s disease and radiation dryness with some gland function left | Yes |
| Prescription-strength fluoride | Protects enamel and roots from decay | Anyone with dry mouth and cavity risk | Yes |
| Medication change | Removes or reduces the cause | Medication-related dry mouth | Your physician decides |
Dry mouth at night
Why is my mouth so dry at night?
Saliva flow is at its lowest during sleep, so dry mouth is usually worst at night and on waking. Mouth breathing, snoring, sleep apnea, a leaking CPAP mask, and evening doses of drying medicines make it worse.
Waking with a parched mouth, a sore throat, or a tongue stuck to your palate is a common complaint, and mouth breathing makes it worse.2 What helps:
- A cool-mist humidifier in the bedroom2,3
- A saliva substitute gel on the tongue and gums at bedtime, and water by the bed
- Asking your physician whether a drying medicine can be taken in the morning instead2
- No alcohol, alcohol-containing mouthwash, or tobacco in the evening
Mouth breathing, snoring, and sleep apnea. If you snore, wake up tired, or have been told you stop breathing in your sleep, ask your physician about a sleep study. For some adults with sleep apnea, an oral appliance for sleep apnea is an option worked out with the sleep physician.
CPAP and dry mouth. CPAP dry mouth usually comes from air leaking out through the mouth. Talk to your sleep provider about mask fit, a full-face mask, a chin strap, or the machine’s heated humidifier, and keep your CPAP. Meanwhile, nightly fluoride protects your teeth.
Dry mouth and dentures
Dry mouth and dentures.
Saliva helps dentures seal and glide. With dry mouth, dentures can loosen, rub sore spots, and trap yeast. A reline for a better fit, a denture adhesive, a saliva substitute under the denture, and nightly cleaning help most people.
The ADA lists relines of poorly fitting dentures and the use of denture adhesives among its recommendations for people with dry mouth.2 We make and reline dentures in our office, and if you still have some natural teeth under a partial, those teeth need the same fluoride protection as everyone else’s.
- Take dentures out at night and clean them every day
- Moisten the inside with a saliva substitute gel before putting them in
- Come in for sore spots instead of living with them, especially if one doesn’t heal in two weeks
- Ask about implant-retained dentures if a regular denture won’t stay in; they are one option we can review with you
Dry mouth remedies at home
Home care for dry mouth: what to do and what to avoid.
Sip water through the day, chew sugar-free gum, use a humidifier at night, and brush with fluoride. Avoid alcohol, tobacco, extra caffeine, alcohol-based mouthwash, and sugary or acidic sips. These steps ease dry mouth and protect your teeth while we treat the cause.
Do
- Sip water often, and drink water with meals to help with chewing and swallowing3
- Chew sugar-free gum or suck sugar-free candy; xylitol products may help prevent cavities3
- Use a humidifier at night2,3
- Use a lip balm often and a saliva substitute as needed
- Brush with fluoride toothpaste twice a day and clean between teeth daily
- Bring your medication list to every visit
Avoid
- Alcohol, including alcohol-containing mouthwash2
- Tobacco and vaping3
- Too much caffeine from coffee, tea, and soda3
- Sipping sugary or acidic drinks, sports drinks, or sparkling water all day; see sparkling water and your teeth
- Sticky, sugary snacks, and spicy, salty, or very dry foods that sting2
- Stopping a prescribed medicine without talking to your doctor
When to seek evaluation
Should I see a dentist or a doctor for dry mouth?
Start with either; ideally both are involved. A dentist with oral medicine training can find the likely cause, protect your teeth, and treat yeast and sore tissue. Your physician manages the medications and any underlying condition, such as diabetes or Sjögren’s disease. We coordinate the two.
Consider an evaluation if dry mouth:
- Persists despite drinking enough water
- Comes with burning, pain, or changes in the tissue of your mouth
- Started after a medication change or medical treatment
- Comes with frequent cavities or mouth infections
- Comes with dry eyes, joint pain, or tiredness, which can point to Sjögren’s disease
- Comes with thirst, frequent urination, or weight change, which can point to diabetes
Dr. CJ Henley is a general dentist with advanced training in oral medicine, the area of dentistry that diagnoses and manages diseases of the mouth, and he serves on the Head & Neck Tumor Board at Baptist MD Anderson. Physicians can use our physician referral information to send patients.
a salivary gland under your jaw or in front of your ear is suddenly swollen, painful, or red, especially with fever or pus, or a sore, white or red patch, or lump in your mouth lasts more than two weeks. Call 904.398.1549. For swelling that affects breathing or swallowing, go to an emergency department; see emergency dental care.
Cancer treatment and dry mouth
Dry mouth after radiation or chemotherapy.
Radiation to the head and neck can permanently reduce saliva, and the damage depends on the dose the glands receive. Chemotherapy usually causes dryness that improves after treatment ends. Either way, the teeth need protection for life after head and neck radiation.
Dry mouth after radiation is one of the most common long-term effects of head and neck cancer treatment: virtually all patients who have radiation for head and neck cancer, and virtually all people with Sjögren’s disease, develop dry mouth.2,5 Planning starts before treatment:
- Before radiation: a dental exam before radiation to treat problem teeth and lower the risk of osteoradionecrosis
- During treatment: managing dry mouth, sores, and infection; see dental care during cancer treatment and cancer and dental health
- After treatment: daily fluoride trays, closer recalls, and help for jaw stiffness (radiation-induced trismus)
Read more about dental care for head and neck cancer and our post on whether a lower radiation dose protects your mouth after HPV throat cancer.
Cost and insurance
Does insurance cover dry mouth treatment?
A dry mouth evaluation is usually done as part of an exam, and prevention such as fluoride varnish and cleanings is billed to dental insurance. Prescriptions go through your pharmacy plan. We explain the fees before treatment begins.
We are an out-of-network practice. Some dental plans cover part of exams, fluoride, and cleanings, often with a frequency limit. We can help you understand how to use your benefits; you are responsible for amounts your plan does not pay. Call our team with your plan details to ask about fees and payment arrangements. Read what patients should know about out-of-network dental insurance.
Dry mouth treatment near you
Dry mouth treatment in San Marco, for all of Jacksonville.
Patients come to our San Marco office for dry mouth treatment in Jacksonville and from across Northeast Florida, often after trying every rinse on the drugstore shelf. Dr. Henley sees every patient himself, works with your physicians, and keeps your teeth protected while the cause is sorted out. Meet our team, who will help you keep your fluoride and cleaning plan on track.
Read our reviews, learn about our San Marco dental office, or start with our new-patient forms. Patients in Mandarin and Southside can also read our Mandarin and Southside and Baymeadows pages.
San Marco
On Hendricks Avenue, in the neighborhood
A fluoride visit fits into a lunch hour.
Downtown and Southbank
Southbank borders us; Downtown is across the Main Street Bridge
Easy to fit an evaluation around a workday.
Riverside, Avondale, and Ortega
Across the St. Johns River on the Fuller Warren Bridge
A short trip for a dry mouth evaluation.
San Jose and Mandarin
North on San Jose Boulevard, which becomes Hendricks Avenue
One road from Mandarin to our door.
Southside and Baymeadows
North on I-95 from Baymeadows Road
A quick drive for closer cleaning visits.
Jacksonville Beach, Neptune Beach, and Atlantic Beach
West on Atlantic Boulevard or Beach Boulevard
Sun, salt air, and outdoor heat make hydration matter more.
Ponte Vedra and Nocatee
West on J. Turner Butler Boulevard, then north on I-95
Recall visits scheduled ahead so you plan one trip at a time.
Orange Park and Fleming Island
North on US-17 to I-95, then across the Fuller Warren Bridge
Visits booked ahead to plan around work.
St. Augustine
North on I-95
Worth the drive for dry mouth after head and neck cancer treatment.
Frequently asked questions
Questions about dry mouth.
What is the main cause of dry mouth?
Medications are the most common cause of dry mouth, especially antidepressants, blood pressure medicines, antihistamines, bladder medicines, and pain medicines, and the risk rises with each one you take. Other causes include Sjögren’s disease, diabetes, head and neck radiation, mouth breathing, and dehydration. Often more than one is involved.
What is the difference between dry mouth and xerostomia?
They mean the same thing in everyday use. Xerostomia is the medical term for the feeling of a dry mouth. Hyposalivation is a measured drop in saliva flow. You can feel dry with normal flow, or have low flow without feeling it, which is why we assess both.
What is the fastest way to relieve dry mouth?
For quick relief, sip water, chew sugar-free gum or suck a sugar-free lozenge, and use a saliva substitute gel or spray. These ease symptoms for a while. Lasting relief comes from finding and treating the cause, such as a medication that can be changed, while protecting your teeth with fluoride.
Can dry mouth cause cavities?
Yes. Saliva rinses away sugar, neutralizes acid, and puts minerals back into enamel. Without it, decay can develop quickly, often at the gumline and on exposed roots. Prescription 5,000 ppm fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, and cleanings every three to four months help prevent it.
Why is my mouth dry at night or when I wake up?
Saliva flow is lowest during sleep, so dryness is usually worst at night. Mouth breathing, snoring, sleep apnea, a leaking CPAP mask, and evening doses of drying medicines make it worse. A bedroom humidifier, a bedtime saliva substitute gel, and asking your doctor about medication timing often help.
Is dry mouth a sign of diabetes?
It can be. Poorly controlled diabetes is linked to dry mouth, along with thirst, frequent urination, thrush, and gum disease. If you have dry mouth with those symptoms, see your physician for testing. If you already have diabetes, better blood sugar control often helps the dryness.
Is dry mouth a sign of Sjögren’s disease?
Sometimes. Sjögren’s disease is the medical condition most often linked to dry mouth, and it usually comes with dry eyes and sometimes joint pain or fatigue. About 9 in 10 people with it are women. Diagnosis is made with your physician, often a rheumatologist, using blood tests and other exams. When a lip (minor salivary gland) biopsy is needed to confirm it, we arrange it for you.
Which medications cause dry mouth?
Hundreds can. Common groups are antidepressants, blood pressure medicines and diuretics, antihistamines and decongestants, bladder-control medicines, pain medicines, muscle relaxants, and GLP-1 medicines. Don’t stop a medicine on your own; your doctor may be able to switch it, change the dose, or move it to the morning.
Do pilocarpine and cevimeline work for dry mouth?
They can help when the salivary glands still have some function, most often in Sjögren’s disease and after head and neck radiation. They are prescription pills that usually take weeks to judge, and side effects such as sweating and nausea are common. They aren’t right for everyone. Dr. Henley can prescribe them after reviewing your health history.
What mouthwash and toothpaste are best for dry mouth?
Choose an alcohol-free mouthwash, a mild fluoride toothpaste without strong flavors, and dry mouth products with the ADA Seal. If your decay risk is high, a prescription-strength fluoride toothpaste or gel is usually the most useful single product. We tailor the choice to your mouth at your visit.
Will drinking more water fix dry mouth?
Water helps, especially if you are dehydrated, and sipping through the day eases symptoms. But if a medicine, Sjögren’s disease, or radiation is reducing saliva, water alone won’t fix it. Dry mouth that persists despite good hydration is a reason to get evaluated.
Can dry mouth cause bad breath?
Yes. Saliva rinses away bacteria and food, so a dry mouth often smells stale, especially in the morning. Treating the dryness, cleaning your tongue, and keeping up with cleanings usually help. See our page on bad breath for other causes.
Is dry mouth a normal part of aging?
No. Dry mouth is more common in older adults, but mostly because they take more medications and have more health conditions, not because the glands simply wear out. Persistent dry mouth at any age deserves an evaluation.
Should I see a dentist or a doctor for dry mouth?
Either is a good start, and both are often involved. A dentist with oral medicine training can find the likely cause, protect your teeth, and treat yeast and sore tissue. Your physician manages medications and conditions such as diabetes or Sjögren’s disease. We coordinate with your doctors.
What should I bring to a dry mouth visit?
Bring a current medication and supplement list, describe when the dryness happens, and mention changes in eating, swallowing, sleep, or cancer treatment. Do not stop a prescribed medicine on your own. The visit helps tell a feeling of dryness apart from reduced saliva and shows which next steps fit your situation.
Does insurance cover dry mouth treatment?
Dental plans often cover part of the exam, fluoride varnish, and cleanings, usually with frequency limits, and prescriptions go through your pharmacy plan. We are an out-of-network practice and can help you understand how to use your benefits. Call our team with your plan details to ask about fees before scheduling.
Where can I get dry mouth treatment in Jacksonville?
CJ Henley, DMD, PA evaluates and treats dry mouth at 3675 Hendricks Avenue, Jacksonville, FL 32207, in San Marco. Patients come from Mandarin, Southside, Riverside, the Beaches, Ponte Vedra, Orange Park, and St. Augustine. Call 904.398.1549 to schedule a dry mouth evaluation.
More reading: How to stop dry mouth caused by diabetes · Causes of a white tongue · Oral conditions guide
Your next step
Schedule a dry mouth evaluation.
If you have ongoing dry mouth or related discomfort, a focused diagnostic evaluation can clarify the cause and identify the right management options. Call or request an appointment to schedule a consultation at our Jacksonville office. Taking a GLP-1 medication? Read our guide to GLP-1 medications and your teeth, and tell us about all your medications at your appointment.
CJ Henley, DMD, PA3675 Hendricks Avenue
Jacksonville, FL 32207
Prefer a nonurgent text? 904.762.5616 is our practice on-call and text line. Please don’t send sensitive health information by text, and call for anything urgent.
Related pages
Sources
- Agostini BA, Cericato GO, Silveira ERD, et al. How common is dry mouth? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis of prevalence estimates. Braz Dent J. 2018;29(6):606-618.
- American Dental Association. Oral Health Topics: Xerostomia (dry mouth). Updated March 2026.
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dry mouth.
- Villa A, Wolff A, Narayana N, et al. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI: a systematic review of medication-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Oral Dis. 2016;22(5):365-382.
- Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Vissink A, et al. A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: prevalence, severity and impact on quality of life. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):1039-1060.
- Zero DT, Brennan MT, Daniels TE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for oral management of Sjögren disease: dental caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(4):295-305.