Sjögren's Mouth: Dry Mouth, Tongue, and Teeth in Sjögren's Syndrome
Sjögren's mouth is what happens when Sjögren's syndrome slows down the glands that make saliva. People tell us their mouth feels like cotton, crackers stick to everything, and they keep a water bottle on the nightstand. Then, often before anyone says the word Sjögren's, the teeth start to show it: new cavities right at the gumline, sometimes several at once, in someone who rarely had a cavity before.
Sjögren's mouth is the dryness and the problems that follow when Sjögren's syndrome damages the saliva glands: a sticky mouth, a red or cracked tongue, fast decay at the gumline, thrush, and sometimes swollen glands. It's not contagious. It's long-term but manageable. Prescription fluoride, frequent water, and sugar-free saliva boosters protect the teeth. A rheumatologist diagnoses Sjögren's. See a dentist every 3 to 4 months.
Not sure this is what you have? Answer five quick questions in our mouth spot checker. It compares what you see with more than 40 common conditions and tells you how soon to have it looked at.
- What Sjögren's mouth looks like
- What a Sjögren's tongue looks like
- What Sjögren's does to your teeth
- Mouth sores, thrush, and swelling
- Sjögren's vs. other dry mouth
- Compared with canker sores and thrush
- Why Sjögren's dries the mouth
- Sjögren's mouth symptoms
- Does it go away?
- Who diagnoses Sjögren's, and how
- What helps Sjögren's dry mouth
- Toothpaste, mouthwash, and saliva products
- What a dentist can do
- Protecting your teeth long term
- Special situations
- Dental visit tips
- Doctor or dentist?
- FAQ
What Sjögren's mouth looks like
Saliva does a lot of quiet work. It rinses away food, neutralizes acid, repairs early soft spots in enamel, keeps yeast in check, and lets the tongue and cheeks glide. When Sjögren's syndrome cuts the supply, the mouth changes in ways we can usually see at a glance:
- Little or no pool of saliva under the tongue. What's there is thick, stringy, or foamy.
- Tissue that looks dry and sticks to a dental mirror or a gloved finger.
- A red, smooth, or cracked tongue (more on that below).
- Dry, cracked lips and sore, split corners of the mouth.
- Cavities in unusual places: along the gumline, on biting edges, and around old fillings.
- Red patches or white film from yeast (thrush), which loves a dry mouth.
- Swelling in front of the ears or under the jaw from enlarged salivary glands.
None of these alone means Sjögren's. Many medicines dry the mouth too, and our main dry mouth page covers all the causes and fixes. This page focuses on the Sjögren's side: what it does to the teeth and tongue, how it's diagnosed, and how to protect your mouth once you know.
We don't have reliable free photos of a Sjögren's mouth itself, so the pictures below show two common problems that ride along with it.
What does a Sjögren's tongue look like?
A healthy tongue is pink, moist, and covered in tiny bumps called papillae. A Sjögren's tongue often looks different, especially after a few years of low saliva:
- Dry and red, sometimes deep red, instead of pink and glossy.
- Smooth patches where the papillae have flattened out.
- Cracks and grooves, sometimes so many that the surface looks split into little lobes. A fissured tongue can also be harmless and inherited, so cracks alone don't point to Sjögren's.
- Sticking to the roof of the mouth or to the lips when you talk.
Sjögren's tongue pain is common. It usually feels like burning or rawness, worse with spicy, salty, or acidic food. That burning is often from yeast on a dry tongue, which is treatable. Low iron or B12 can add to it too (see glossitis). If the burn continues after the yeast is treated and blood tests are normal, burning mouth syndrome is another possibility. Sjögren's tongue sores are usually small raw spots where the dry surface got rubbed by a sharp tooth or a denture. True tongue swelling isn't a typical Sjögren's sign; a tongue that looks puffy with tooth marks along the edges is more often a scalloped tongue from clenching or another cause.
What Sjögren's does to your teeth
This is where a dentist can make the biggest difference. Without enough saliva, acid from food and bacteria sits on the teeth much longer, and enamel doesn't get the minerals it needs to repair itself. The result is a pattern of decay that looks different from ordinary cavities.
- Decay at the gumline. It often starts as a chalky or brown band right where the tooth meets the gum, and it can wrap around the neck of the tooth.
- Soft spots on biting edges and cusp tips, places that rarely decay in a wet mouth.
- New decay around old fillings and crowns, even ones that held up fine for years.
- Sensitivity to cold, sweets, or brushing, from exposed root surfaces and early decay.
- Chipping and breaking. When decay circles the neck of a tooth, the top can snap off with very little force.
Why are my teeth breaking with Sjögren's?
Usually it's decay, not brittle enamel. Gumline cavities eat around the narrowest part of the tooth, and from the outside they can look small. Then one day you bite into a sandwich and a front tooth breaks off at the gum. Chipped edges and cracked fillings follow the same logic. The good news is that this pattern is very preventable with fluoride, saliva support, and frequent checkups, and early spots can sometimes be hardened again before they need a filling. Left alone, though, Sjögren's tooth loss can happen fast, which is why we see people with Sjögren's more often than once every six months.
Sjögren's mouth sores, thrush, and swelling
Mouth sores and ulcers
Sjögren's itself doesn't usually cause ulcers the way lupus or Behçet's can. Sjögren's mouth sores tend to come from what dryness allows: a raw spot where a dry cheek rubs a tooth, a sore under a denture that no longer has saliva to cushion it, or yeast. If you have round, painful mouth ulcers that come and go, think about overlap conditions too. Sjögren's often overlaps with lupus and rheumatoid arthritis (sometimes called secondary Sjögren's), and lupus mouth sores look and behave differently. A sore that hasn't healed in two weeks always gets a closer look.
Thrush and cracked corners
Yeast thrives where saliva is low. In Sjögren's, oral thrush often shows up as red, burning, smooth patches on the tongue or palate rather than the classic white film, and it tends to come back. Split, sore corners of the mouth (angular cheilitis) often travel with it.
Sjögren's swelling of the salivary glands
Some people get firm swelling in front of the ears or under the jaw. It may come and go, sit on one or both sides, or stay put. Thick saliva can also back up and get infected, which makes a gland suddenly painful and swollen, sometimes with a bad taste. A salivary stone can cause mealtime swelling that looks similar.
One thing worth knowing calmly: people with Sjögren's have a higher-than-average risk of lymphoma, and a salivary gland that stays enlarged is one of the signs doctors watch for. Most gland swelling in Sjögren's isn't lymphoma. Still, a gland that stays swollen for more than a few weeks, or a new firm lump, should be checked by your rheumatologist.
Sjögren's mouth vs. other kinds of dry mouth
Most dry mouth isn't Sjögren's. Medications are by far the most common cause. Here's how the usual suspects compare. The full list of causes and remedies is on our dry mouth page.
| Sjögren's | Medication dry mouth | Radiation dry mouth | Burning mouth syndrome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause | Immune system attacks the saliva and tear glands | Side effect of drugs for blood pressure, mood, allergies, bladder, sleep, and more | Head and neck radiation damages the glands | Nerve-related pain, cause often unclear |
| Dry eyes too? | Usually, gritty or sandy eyes | Sometimes | Not usually | No |
| Saliva measurably low? | Yes | Often | Yes, often severely | Usually normal |
| Swollen glands? | Sometimes | No | No | No |
| Other clues | Fatigue, joint pain, rashes, positive antibody tests | Started or got worse after a new medicine | History of treatment; can also stiffen the jaw | Burning tongue or lips, mouth looks normal |
| Who to see | Rheumatologist, dentist, eye doctor | Prescribing physician and dentist | Dentist and cancer team | Dentist, physician |
Sjögren's mouth signs vs. canker sores and thrush
| Sjögren's-related sore spots | Ordinary canker sore | Ordinary thrush | |
|---|---|---|---|
| What you see | Raw, red, dry areas where tissue rubs; red, smooth tongue patches | Round, shallow ulcer with a yellow-white center and red rim | White, creamy patches that wipe off, leaving red underneath |
| Background | Whole mouth dry and sticky | Rest of the mouth normal and moist | Often after antibiotics, inhaled steroids, or in denture wearers |
| Pattern | Ongoing, with flares | Heals in 1 to 2 weeks | Clears with treatment |
| Comes back? | Thrush and irritation recur unless dryness is managed | May recur every few weeks or months | Not usually, unless there's a reason like dry mouth |
| Other clues | Dry eyes, swollen glands, gumline decay | None | None |
Thrush that keeps returning after treatment is one of the clues that makes us ask about dry eyes and other symptoms. Our canker sore guide shows what an ordinary canker sore looks like.
Why Sjögren's dries out the mouth
Sjögren's is an autoimmune disease. The immune system sends white blood cells into the glands that make saliva and tears. They gather in clusters, the glands become inflamed, and over time they make less fluid. It isn't caused by anything you did, and it isn't contagious.
- Primary Sjögren's happens on its own.
- Secondary Sjögren's happens alongside another autoimmune disease, most often rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
Who's most likely to get it
- Women. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research estimates women are about 9 times more likely than men to have it.
- Adults in midlife and beyond. Most people are diagnosed after 50, though children and young adults can get it.
- People with another autoimmune disease, or a close relative with one.
Sjögren's can affect much more than the mouth: eyes, joints, skin, nerves, lungs, and kidneys. That whole-body side belongs to your physician. Our autoimmune and systemic conditions hub shows how other diseases show up in the mouth.
Sjögren's mouth symptoms
- Mouth feels dry or sticky most of the day, and water helps only for a few minutes
- Waking at night to drink
- Trouble swallowing dry foods like bread or crackers without a drink
- Food sticking to the teeth and cheeks
- Changes in taste, or a metallic or salty taste
- Burning tongue, especially with spicy or acidic foods
- Hoarse voice or trouble talking for long
- Bad breath
- Dentures that won't stay put or rub sore spots
- Sudden new cavities or sensitive teeth
- Swelling in front of the ears or under the jaw
Outside the mouth, the classic partner is dry, gritty, burning eyes. Fatigue, joint pain, and dry skin are common too.
Does Sjögren's dry mouth go away?
Usually not on its own. Sjögren's is a long-term condition, and the dryness often stays fairly steady or slowly worsens over years. That sounds discouraging, but the mouth problems that come from dryness (decay, thrush, cracked corners, denture sores) are very manageable once you have a routine. Many people find that dryness is worse in the morning, in air conditioning, on flights, and during flares or stressful stretches.
Who diagnoses Sjögren's, and with what tests
A rheumatologist makes the diagnosis. There isn't one single test. Doctors look at your symptoms and a combination of results. The most widely used criteria (from the American College of Rheumatology and EULAR) give the most weight to two findings: an antibody in the blood and a lip biopsy.
- Blood tests for antibodies, especially anti-SSA (Ro). Doctors often check ANA, anti-SSB (La), and rheumatoid factor too.
- Saliva flow test. You spit into a cup for a set time without stimulating saliva. Very low flow counts toward the diagnosis.
- Eye tests, usually by an eye doctor: the Schirmer test (a paper strip under the eyelid) and special dye drops to check the eye surface.
- Minor salivary gland biopsy, usually from the inside of the lower lip.
- Sometimes ultrasound of the salivary glands, which some centers use to look for changes typical of Sjögren's.
What is a lip biopsy for Sjögren's?
A Sjögren's lip biopsy takes a few of the tiny minor salivary glands that sit just under the lining of the inner lower lip. After numbing, a small cut is made on the inside of the lip, several glands about the size of a grain of rice are removed, and a few stitches close it. It takes about 15 to 20 minutes. Afterward the lip is usually sore for a few days, and a small area can feel numb or tingly for a while; lasting numbness is uncommon. A pathologist then looks for tight clusters of immune cells, scored as a "focus score."
The biopsy is usually done by an oral surgeon, an ENT, or a dentist or physician with oral medicine training, at your rheumatologist's request. If your rheumatologist asks for one, we can help you find the right person and get you there.
Can a dentist tell if you have Sjögren's?
A dentist can often tell that something is drying out your mouth, and sometimes we're the first to suspect Sjögren's. Gumline decay in someone who never had cavities, thrush that keeps coming back, and swollen glands are all patterns we notice. What we can't do is diagnose Sjögren's itself. When we see those signs, we document them during a comprehensive dental exam, ask about dry eyes and other symptoms, and send a note to your physician suggesting an evaluation. Our page on mouth conditions that are hard to pin down explains how we work through unusual findings.
What helps Sjögren's dry mouth
The goal is to keep the mouth wet, keep acid and sugar off the teeth, and give enamel extra fluoride to make up for missing saliva. A daily routine does more than any single product.
Every day
- Sip water often, all day. Small sips beat big gulps. Carry a bottle.
- Use a prescription-strength fluoride toothpaste at bedtime if we've prescribed one. Spit, don't rinse, so the fluoride stays on the teeth.
- Get saliva moving. Sugar-free gum, mints, or lozenges with xylitol work for many people, especially after meals. If your glands still make some saliva, chewing and sour tastes help it flow. Pick ones that aren't strongly acidic.
- Use a saliva substitute spray, gel, or rinse when you need it, especially before bed and before talking for a long time.
- Clean between your teeth once a day. Floss, picks, or a water flosser all work. Food that lodges between teeth sits longer in a dry mouth.
- Keep lips moist with a plain lip balm or lanolin, and put a thin layer at the corners of your mouth.
At night
- Run a cool-mist humidifier in the bedroom.
- Put a saliva gel on the tongue and cheeks before sleep.
- Take dentures out overnight and soak them.
- Keep water by the bed, and if you snack or sip anything other than water at night, brush again.
Things that make it worse
- Sipping sugary or acidic drinks over a long time, including soda, sports drinks, juice, and sweetened coffee
- Hard candy with sugar, or sugary cough drops
- Alcohol, including alcohol-based mouthwash, plus tobacco and vaping
- Lots of caffeine
- Over-the-counter antihistamines and decongestants, which dry the mouth further (ask your doctor about alternatives)
- Mouth breathing; a stuffy nose or snoring is worth bringing up with your doctor
Sjögren's toothpaste, mouthwash, and saliva products
None of these fixes the underlying disease. Used together, they protect teeth and make the day more comfortable.
| Product | What it does | Things to know |
|---|---|---|
| Fluoride toothpaste | Strengthens enamel and helps reverse early soft spots | Over-the-counter strength at minimum. Most people with Sjögren's do better with a prescription high-fluoride paste. Some people with sore mouths find SLS-free pastes and milder flavors gentler. |
| Fluoride mouthwash (0.05% sodium fluoride) | Extra fluoride once a day | Use at a different time than brushing so you get two doses. Pick alcohol-free. Not for young children who might swallow it. |
| Dry mouth rinses and sprays | Moisten and soothe for a short time | Choose alcohol-free and mild-flavored. Use as often as needed. |
| Saliva substitute gels | Longer-lasting coating, good for nights | Spread on the tongue, cheeks, and under dentures. |
| Xylitol gum, mints, lozenges, or melts | Stimulate saliva and don't feed decay bacteria | Follow the label. Large amounts can upset the stomach. Xylitol is very toxic to dogs, so keep it away from pets. |
| Remineralizing products (calcium phosphate pastes) | Add minerals back to enamel | Can be used alongside fluoride if we recommend them. Some contain milk protein, so skip them with a milk allergy. |
| Lip balm (plain or lanolin) | Prevents cracked lips and corners | Avoid flavored balms with menthol or cinnamon if your lips sting. |
A note on "Sjögren's mouthwash": there's no one special rinse. The useful ones are alcohol-free, gentle, and either moisturizing or fluoride-based. Skip rinses with alcohol or strong whitening agents, which can sting a dry mouth.
What a dentist can do for Sjögren's teeth and mouth
We treat the mouth and work alongside your rheumatologist, who manages Sjögren's itself.
- Measure and track dryness. We note saliva flow, tongue changes, and gland size at each visit so changes are easy to spot.
- Prescribe high-fluoride toothpaste and apply fluoride varnish at visits. A national panel of experts strongly recommends topical fluoride for everyone with Sjögren's dry mouth.
- Find decay early. More frequent exams and dental x-rays when needed let us treat small cavities before teeth break.
- Restore teeth with dry mouth in mind. We choose filling materials and designs that hold up in a dry mouth and fix broken teeth with fillings or crowns.
- Treat thrush and cracked corners with antifungal medicine such as nystatin, clotrimazole troches, or fluconazole. Some antifungal liquids and lozenges contain sugar, so we choose forms carefully for people at high risk of decay.
- Talk about saliva-boosting prescriptions. Pilocarpine (Salagen) and cevimeline (Evoxac) help the remaining gland tissue make more saliva. They work only if some gland function is left, and they can cause sweating, flushing, and frequent urination. They aren't right for everyone with asthma, certain glaucoma, or heart conditions, so we coordinate with your physician before starting.
- Help with dentures. Dry mouths make dentures loose and sore. We adjust or reline dentures and suggest gels that help them stay comfortable.
- Coordinate care. We share findings with your rheumatologist and can refer for a lip biopsy or a specialist if needed.
Our care for medically complex patients page explains how we work with physicians on cases like this.
Protecting your Sjögren's teeth long term
- Come in every 3 to 4 months. Cleanings, fluoride varnish, and a quick check for new soft spots are how small problems stay small.
- Keep sugar to mealtimes. It's how often, not how much. Grazing on snacks or sipping sweet coffee all morning keeps teeth under acid attack for hours.
- Use fluoride every day, at the strength we recommend, and don't rinse it off.
- Review your medicines with your doctor each year. Swapping out one drying medicine can make a real difference.
- Treat thrush early. If your tongue starts burning or turns redder, call before it settles in.
- Stay on top of overall care with your rheumatologist and eye doctor.
Special situations
- Pregnancy. If you have anti-SSA (Ro) antibodies, tell your obstetrician. These antibodies can affect the baby's heart rhythm, and your doctors may monitor more closely. Routine dental care, cleanings, and fluoride toothpaste are safe during pregnancy.
- Children and teens. Sjögren's is uncommon in kids. When it happens, repeated swelling of the parotid glands in front of the ears is often an early sign, sometimes before dryness. That's a reason to see the pediatrician.
- Dentures and implants. Without saliva, dentures lose suction and rub. Gels help, and some people do well with implant-supported teeth. We can talk through whether implants make sense for you.
- Secondary Sjögren's with lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Stiff hands make brushing hard; an electric toothbrush and floss picks help. Some medicines for these conditions, like steroids, raise the risk of thrush.
- Radiation to the head or neck. Radiation dry mouth isn't Sjögren's, but the dental plan is similar and often more intensive. See our head and neck cancer care page.
Dental visit tips if you have Sjögren's
- Bring a current medication list, including eye drops, saliva-boosting pills, hydroxychloroquine, steroids, and any biologics.
- Tell us your diagnosis and your latest labs if you have them. Low blood counts, which sometimes happen with Sjögren's or its treatment, can change timing for some procedures.
- Bring your water bottle and ask for breaks. We can keep your lips moist and use gentle, less drying products.
- Morning appointments often work well, but tell us if your mouth is driest then.
- Mention dry eyes. The bright exam light can be uncomfortable, so feel free to wear tinted glasses.
- Let us know about flares. We can delay elective work and focus on comfort and prevention.
Doctor or dentist? When to call
Make a dental appointment if:
- Your mouth has been dry for more than a few weeks
- You suddenly have new cavities, sensitive teeth, or a tooth that chipped or broke
- Your tongue burns, looks red and smooth, or you see white patches
- The corners of your mouth keep cracking
- Your dentures are suddenly loose or causing sore spots
- You've just been diagnosed with Sjögren's and haven't had a dental checkup since
- A sore hasn't healed in 2 weeks
Call your physician if:
- You have dry mouth together with dry, gritty eyes, joint pain, rashes, or unusual fatigue
- A salivary gland stays swollen for more than a few weeks, or you feel a new firm lump in your neck
- You have numbness or tingling in your hands or feet, a dry cough, or shortness of breath
- You've had night sweats, fevers, or weight loss you can't explain
- Your dentist has suggested a medical evaluation
Get care today if:
- A salivary gland suddenly becomes hot, very painful, and swollen, especially with fever or pus in your mouth
- You have facial swelling from a tooth, or swelling that's spreading (see emergency dental care)
- You can't swallow or drink enough fluids
- You have trouble breathing (call 911)
Sjögren's mouth FAQ
What does Sjögren's do to your teeth?
Sjögren's lowers saliva, and without saliva teeth lose their natural rinse and repair system. That leads to fast decay at the gumline, on biting edges, and around old fillings, plus sensitivity. Teeth weakened by gumline decay can chip or break. Prescription fluoride, frequent dental visits, and keeping sugar to mealtimes prevent most of this.
Why are my teeth breaking with Sjögren's?
Most often it's decay that has wrapped around the neck of the tooth at the gumline, which weakens it until the top snaps off. From the outside these cavities can look small. Fillings and edges can also chip when the enamel underneath is soft. A dental exam every 3 to 4 months finds these spots before teeth break.
What does a Sjögren's tongue look like?
A Sjögren's tongue is often dry and red, with smooth patches where the tiny bumps have flattened and cracks that can divide it into little lobes. It may stick to the roof of the mouth. A burning, extra-red tongue often means yeast has moved in, and that's treatable with antifungal medicine.
What helps Sjögren's dry mouth?
Frequent sips of water, sugar-free xylitol gum or lozenges, and saliva substitute sprays or gels help the most day to day. A humidifier at night and avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and drying medicines help too. Some people benefit from prescription pilocarpine (Salagen) or cevimeline (Evoxac), which boost remaining saliva. Protect your teeth at the same time with high-fluoride toothpaste.
What is a lip biopsy for Sjögren's?
It's a small procedure that removes a few tiny salivary glands from the inside of the lower lip under local numbing. A pathologist looks for clusters of immune cells that are typical of Sjögren's. It takes about 15 to 20 minutes, needs a few stitches, and the lip is usually sore for a few days. It's usually done by an oral surgeon, ENT, or oral medicine clinician at a rheumatologist's request.
Can a dentist tell if you have Sjögren's?
A dentist often notices the signs first, such as a very dry mouth, sudden gumline decay, repeat thrush, or swollen salivary glands. But a dentist can't diagnose Sjögren's. A rheumatologist makes the diagnosis using blood tests, saliva and eye tests, and sometimes a lip biopsy. If we see the pattern, we'll talk with you and send a note to your physician.
Does Sjögren's cause mouth sores or ulcers?
Not usually directly. Sores in a Sjögren's mouth mostly come from dry tissue rubbing on teeth or dentures, or from yeast infections. Round, recurring ulcers can point to an overlapping condition like lupus. Any mouth sore that hasn't healed in two weeks should be checked.
Why are my glands swollen with Sjögren's?
Immune cells gathering in the parotid or submandibular glands can make them enlarge, sometimes on and off. Thick saliva can also lead to a gland infection, which is painful and comes on quickly. A gland that stays swollen for weeks should be checked by your rheumatologist, because persistent swelling is one of the signs they watch in Sjögren's.
What mouthwash is good for Sjögren's?
Choose an alcohol-free rinse. A daily 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse adds cavity protection, and moisturizing dry mouth rinses ease discomfort. Avoid rinses with alcohol or strong whitening agents, which sting a dry mouth. There's no single special Sjögren's mouthwash, so ask us which fits your mouth.
Is Sjögren's dry mouth permanent?
Sjögren's is a long-term condition, and dryness usually doesn't go away on its own. It often stays fairly steady for years. The dental problems that dryness causes are very preventable with a daily routine and regular checkups.
Can I get dental implants if I have Sjögren's?
Many people with Sjögren's have implants successfully, and they can make dentures more comfortable in a dry mouth. Your overall health, medicines, and how well you can keep the area clean all matter. We'll review your health history with you and your physician before planning implants.
Is Sjögren's contagious?
No. Sjögren's is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks the body's own glands. You can't catch it or pass it to anyone through kissing or sharing drinks. It does tend to run in families with other autoimmune conditions.
Dry mouth taking a toll on your teeth?
If you're in the Jacksonville area and living with Sjögren's, or just can't figure out why your mouth is so dry and your teeth keep getting cavities, we're glad to help. We'll check your teeth and tongue, set up a prevention plan, and work with your rheumatologist.
Related conditions
Sources
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Sjögren's Disease. National Institutes of Health.
- Shiboski CH, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):35–45.
- Zero DT, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for oral management of Sjögren disease: dental caries prevention. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(4):295–305.
- Ramos-Casals M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of Sjögren's syndrome with topical and systemic therapies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(1):3–18.
- Nishishinya MB, et al. Identification of lymphoma predictors in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2015;35(1):17–26.
This page is for general education and isn't a diagnosis. Every mouth is different. If you have a sore you're worried about, see your dentist or physician. Photos marked Wikimedia Commons are used under their listed licenses and may have been cropped or resized.